Oct 31, 2017  Roman now employs 20 doctors who keep the consultation fees but pay Roman a monthly subscription to work with its customers, who can request follow-up phone or video calls.

UPDATE While the Call of Duty logo can be seen in the video, taken from an original pitch reel, the gameplay is from a build that was 'later repurposed and pitched to Ubisoft, as just Roman Wars' a few years after key members left Activision. This 'custom branded version' was apparently not cleared: 'A lot of things went down around that time with Guitar Hero and other projects. It was during a volatile time'.Eight years ago, you almost got to play a Call Of Duty set in ancient Rome.

A game featuring battle elephants trampling soldiers, a playable Julius Caesar and first-person sword combat. Activision liked the idea, the Call of Duty: Roman Wars demo impressed, and it got as far as the desk of CEO Bobby Kotick before a mixture of studio stubbornness and fears of over-saturating the brand consigned this lost game, ironically, to history.Around 2008, Activision began actively courting pitches for a new COD instalment, planning to expand the series based on its increasing success at the time. “I really thought an ancient warfare game would do well, re-skinned with the Call of Duty engine,” says Polemos.

“Basically we were following Julius Caesar’s Tenth Legion – his special forces during those times - and we were doing a one level prototype based on the Battle of Alesia. So we built the one mission based on that. We had everything from riding horses, to riding an elephant, to working with catapults. All done in the Unreal Engine for rapid prototyping”.While the game was built around a third-person camera, it also had some first-person sections (one, referred to as 'a Spartacus mission', shows a gladiatorial coliseum fight). “We were really liking the first-person, but we definitely did a third-person perspective,” says Polemos, “more like a Gears of War with a nice camera shake and movement.

So we gave our producers two different camera perspectives to show.”The third-person mode focused on a “very Gears of War-style: straightforward melee, a little bit of a strafing”, while the first-person followed the parry and attack system of the niche but acclaimed Xbox 360 game Condemned: Criminal Origins from 2005 (one of the few games to do first person melee well). That utilized a shield and sword for the most part, says Polemos.

“The real work for the combat system went into just a shield-sword, block and parry which worked really well; it was a fun mechanic”. Other options included bows, spears and axes, and at one point the team were even working with the idea that you could throw handfuls of sand in enemies’ eyes to blind them. Image 11 of 11The demo started with a short horse riding section and a speech from Julius Caesar, with the player controlling a character called Titus Pullo. “Basically your objective in that mission was to take out the archers”, says Polemos, but explains that there were actually three ways to achieve this to show off various mechanics. “You go to the catapults, you release the catapults to take out some of the archers, you could climb up the siege towers or you could drive on the war elephants, which everybody freaking loved the most!”Polemos describes the elephant as the game’s tank.

“You drive it and if there’s any enemies it can trample them for you. Beside that you get a better perspective and you have some protection because it had its own little booth-seat that protected you and you could duck under”.The second part of the prototype involved a smaller demonstration to showcase a different setting and the first-person view.

“We showed a small a prototype of another battle that was going to happen in the Coliseum, sort of Gladiator style” Polemos clarifies. “It looked beautiful and it was just a quick preview of another mission, just to show the direction we were going to, and the art style”.While developed on 360, Activision's multi-platform policy would have seen it on PlayStation and PC too.The full plan for the game would involve a variety of perspectives and characters, says Polemos. “You were going to play a lead centurion, you were going to play a grunt and you were going to play all the way up to Julius Caesar himself; so you were going to be a commander”. The plot loosely followed ‘Commentarii de Bello Gallico’, otherwise known as Commentaries around the Gallic wars, Julius Caesar’s own account of the battles (Roman War’s main character Titus Pullo is actually named in these accounts as a historical figure).“You were going to fight against the Germans and the Germanic Tribes and really stay true to the history of Julius’ conquests during the Gallic Wars,” they explain. “You were going to jump around from officers to low grunts to Caesar and get a little variety of all of those little battles, so you’d play an archer here, you’d play a cavalry over in this phase.

And it was going to stay true to the Call of Duty franchise in that jumping around, playing those different characters and getting a whole feel of the overall battle during those times”. Unfortunately, though, the game never progressed past the prototype stage. “They sent it up to Activision, to Bobby Kotick, and they wanted to hear a little bit more about the backstory,” Polemos told me.

But while it was received well there was some uncertainty about using Call of Duty’s branding. “I at the time was being sort of. I was being stiff in that area,” they admit. “I was huge on Call of Duty myself so I was like ‘I really want to keep it on the Call of Duty level.’ And they said, ‘that’s not going to fly with Activision – they’re already looking at a different version and they don’t want to oversaturate the market’”.Ironically, while Roman Wars never came to be, it could have had competition if it had gone ahead. “It would’ve started aligning with the Xbox One depending on the roll out and how long the production would have been,” points out Polemos. “And, strangely enough, a launch title for the Xbox One was Ryse – the Roman war game, which is crazy!” That was a ‘told you so’ moment for Polemos.

“When we saw that we were just like ‘See! We knew!’” At the time though, Activision wasn’t convinced. “You had Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter, you had all the future stuff - especially with Halo and all those more futuristic-style shooters - they weren’t sure if it was going to resonate as strongly, but then a launch title actually was a freaking ancient Roman warfare game. I think if Call of Duty did that, and they did it with the mechanics we were working with and that engine? That launch title would have been a lot bigger and a lot more well received”.

.Gladius (,: ) was one Latin word for, and is used to represent the primary sword of foot soldiers. Early ancient Roman swords were similar to those of the Greeks, called. From the 3rd century BC, however, the Romans adopted swords similar to those used by the and others during the early part of the.

This sword was known as the gladius hispaniensis, or ' sword'.A fully equipped Roman after the was armed with a shield ( ), one or two javelins ( ), a sword ( gladius), often a dagger ( ), and, perhaps in the later empire period, darts ( ). Conventionally, soldiers threw pila to disable the enemy's shields and disrupt enemy formations before engaging in close combat, for which they drew the gladius. A soldier generally led with the shield and thrust with the sword. Contents.Etymology Gladius is a masculine noun. Its (nominative and vocative) plural is gladiī. However, gladius in Latin refers to any sword, not specifically the modern definition of a gladius.

Gladius blades of the Mainz typeBy the time of the, which flourished during the, steel and the steel-making process was not unknown to the classical world. Pure iron is relatively soft, but pure iron is never found in nature. Natural iron ore contains various impurities in solid solution, which harden the reduced metal by producing irregular-shaped metallic crystals. The gladius was generally made out of steel.In Roman times, workers reduced ore in a furnace. The resulting pieces were called blooms, which they further worked to remove slag inclusions from the porous surface.A recent metallurgical study of two swords, one in the form of a Greek from 7th century BC, the other in the form of a gladius Hispaniensis from 4th century BC Chiusa, gives insight concerning the manufacture of Roman swords.

The Chiusa sword comes from Romanized etruria; thus, regardless of the names of the forms (which the authors do not identify), the authors believe the process was continuous from the Etruscans to the Romans.The Vetulonian sword was crafted by the process from five blooms reduced at a temperature of 1163 °C. Five strips of varying carbon content were created. A central core of the sword contained the highest: 0.15–0.25% carbon. On its edges were placed four strips of low-carbon steel, 0.05–0.07%, and the whole thing was welded together by forging on the pattern of hammer blows. A blow increased the temperature sufficiently to produce a friction weld at that spot.

Forging continued until the steel was cold, producing some central. The sword was 58 cm (23 in) long.The Chiusian sword was created from a single bloom by forging from a temperature of 1237 °C. The carbon content increased from 0.05–0.08% at the back side of the sword to 0.35–0.4% on the blade, from which the authors deduce that some form of may have been used. The sword was 40 cm (16 in) long and was characterized by a wasp-waist close to the hilt.Romans continued to forge swords, both as composites and from single pieces.

Inclusions of sand and rust weakened the two swords in the study, and no doubt limited the strength of swords during the Roman period.Description The word gladius acquired a general meaning as any type of sword. This use appears as early as the 1st century AD in the Biography of Alexander the Great. The republican authors, however, appear to mean a specific type of sword, which is now known from archaeology to have had variants.Gladii were two-edged for cutting and had a tapered point for stabbing during thrusting. A solid grip was provided by a knobbed hilt added on, possibly with ridges for the fingers. Blade strength was achieved by welding together strips, in which case the sword had a channel down the center, or by fashioning a single piece of high-carbon steel, rhomboidal in cross-section. The owner's name was often engraved or punched on the blade.The of a Roman sword was the capulus. It was often ornate, especially the sword-hilts of officers and dignitaries.Stabbing was a very efficient technique, as stabbing wounds, especially in the abdominal area, were almost always deadly.

However, the gladius in some circumstances was used for cutting or slashing, as is indicated by 's account of the, wherein the Macedonian soldiers were horrified to see dismembered bodies.Though the primary infantry attack was thrusting at stomach height, they were trained to take any advantage, such as slashing at kneecaps beneath the shield wall.The gladius was sheathed in a mounted on a belt or shoulder strap, some say on the right, some say on the left. Some say the soldier reached across his body to draw it, and others claim that the position of the shield made this method of drawing impossible. A wore it on the opposite side as a mark of distinction.Towards the end of the 2nd century AD and during the 3rd century the gradually took the place of the gladius in the Roman legions.Types Several different designs were used; among collectors and, the three primary kinds are known as the Mainz gladius, the Fulham gladius, and the Pompeii gladius (these names refer to where or how the canonical example was found). More recent archaeological finds have uncovered an earlier version, the gladius Hispaniensis.The differences between these varieties are subtle. The original Hispanic sword, which was used during the republic, had a slight 'wasp-waist' or 'leaf-blade' curvature. The Mainz variety came into use on the frontier in the early empire.

It kept the curvature, but shortened and widened the blade and made the point triangular. At home, the less battle-effective Pompeii version came into use. It eliminated the curvature, lengthened the blade, and diminished the point. The Fulham was a compromise, with straight edges and a long point.Descriptions of the main types follow:.

Orbiter for 15 years xword. Below is the solution for Orbiter for 15 years crossword clue. This clue was last seen on Apr 28 2019 in the LA Times crossword puzzle. While searching our database we found 1 possible solution matching the query “Orbiter for 15 years”.

Gladius Hispaniensis: Used from around 216 BC until 20 BC. Blade length 60–68 cm (24–27 in). Sword length 75–85 cm (30–33 in). Sword width 5 cm (2.0 in). This was the largest and heaviest of the gladii. Earliest and longest blade of the gladii, pronounced leaf-shape compared to the other forms. Max weight 1 kg (2.2 lb) for the largest versions, most likely a standard example would weigh 900 g (2.0 lb) (wooden hilt).: Mainz was founded as the Roman permanent camp of Moguntiacum probably in 13 BC.

This large camp provided a population base for the growing city around it. Sword manufacture probably began in the camp and was continued in the city; for example, Gaius Gentilius Victor, a veteran of Legio XXII, used his discharge bonus on retirement to set up a business as a negotiator gladiarius, a manufacturer and dealer of arms. Swords made at Mainz were sold extensively to the north. The Mainz variety is characterized by a slight waist running the length of the blade and a long point.

Blade length 50–55 cm (20–22 in). Sword length 65–70 cm (26–28 in). Blade width 7 cm (2.8 in). Sword weight 800 g (1.8 lb) (wooden hilt). or Mainz-Fulham gladius: The sword that gave the name to the type was dredged from the Thames near Fulham, and must therefore date to after the Roman occupation of Britain began—after the invasion of in 43 AD. Romans used it until the end of the same century.

It is considered the conjunction point between Mainz and Pompei. Some consider it an evolution or the same as the Mainz type. The blade is slightly narrower than the Mainz variety. The main difference is the triangular tip. Blade length 50–55 cm (20–22 in).

Sword length 65–70 cm (26–28 in). Blade width 6 cm (2.4 in). Sword weight 700 g (1.5 lb) (wooden hilt). A full size replica can be seen at,.

Pompeii gladius (or Pompeianus or Pompei): Named by modern historians after the Roman town of, this gladius was by far the most popular one. Four instances of the sword type were found in Pompeii, with others turning up elsewhere. The sword has parallel cutting edges and a triangular tip. This is the shortest of the gladii.

It is often confused with the, which was a longer, slashing weapon used initially by mounted auxilia. Over the years, the Pompeii got longer, and these later versions are called as semi- spathas. Blade length 45–50 cm (18–20 in). Sword length 60–65 cm (24–26 in).

Blade width 5 cm (2.0 in). Sword weight 700 g (1.5 lb) (wooden hilt).The Mainz and the Pompeii are the two main classification types and served side by side for many years and it was not uncommon to find 4th century legionaries carrying the earlier model. Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or required.).

Penrose, Jane (2008). Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing. Pp. 121–122. Vegetius De Re Militari 2.15. McCone, Kim, 'Greek Κελτός and Γαλάτης, Latin Gallus 'Gaul', in: Die Sprache 46, 2006, p.

106. Schrijver, Peter, The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin, Rodopi, 1991, p. 174. Delamarre, Xavier, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, Errance, 2003 (2nd ed.), p. 118. Schmidt, Karl Horst, 'Keltisches Wortgut im Lateinischen', in: Glotta 44 (1967), p.

159. Koch, Celtic Culture, ABC-CLIO, 2006, p. 215. ^ Quesada Sanz, F. Retrieved August 7, 2019. ^ Quesada Sanz, F.

Retrieved August 10, 2018. M. Bishop (2016).

The Gladius: The Roman Short Sword (in Spanish). Bloomsbury Publishing. (1996). Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science (in Spanish). Liverpool University Press. Livy's term.

Most authors use the term gladius Hispaniensis but a few use Livy's term, Hispanus. Both are adjectives of the same meaning, that is, they refer to, or the. Archived from on August 30, 2002. Retrieved 25 November 2010. October 2, 2010, at the. This theory is stated in Note 80, Page 191, of faculty dissertation 2006-07-28 at the by Tineke Looijenga, University of Groningen.

^ Nicodemi, Walter; Mapelli, Carlo; Venturini, Roberto; Riva, Riccardo (2005). 'Metallurgical Investigations on Two Sword Blades of 7th and 3rd Century B.C. Found in Central Italy'. ISIJ International. 45 (9): 1358–1367.:.

'Copidas vocabant gladios leviter curvatos, falcibus similes: 'They called their lightly curved, sickle-like swords (gladios) 'copides'.' . Vegetius, De Re Militari, July 16, 2012, at the: 'a stab, though it penetrates but two inches, is generally fatal.' . See under October 4, 2006, at the in Seyffert, Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. Archived from on October 25, 2006. Retrieved December 15, 2006.

CS1 maint: archived copy as title. Verboven, Koenraad S. In Blois, Lukas; Lo Cascio, Elio (eds.). The Impact of the Roman Army (200 B.C.

476): Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects. Archived from (PDF) on June 10, 2007.Please note that this is only true for the; For more information, see the page.References., bibliography by the Arms and Armor Society of America. John William Humphrey, Andrew Neil Sherwood,. Livius, Titus (known as ) (1982). Penguin Books.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.The articles in the links below often differ both in theory and in detail. They should not necessarily be understood as fully professional articles but should be appreciated for their presentational value.Pictures of ancient swords. at the Roman Numismatic Gallery (romancoins.info)Reenactments, reconstructions, experimental archaeology.: photos of historical reconstructionists drawing and holding gladii.Articles on the history or manufacture of the sword.

(myArmoury.com article). Janet Lang,. Niko Silvester,.

Richard F. Burton,. Taylor, Michael J. 'Sword of the Republic: The Gladius Hispaniensis.' Classic Arms and Militaria Magazine.

October 2011.